Fish oil, cod liver oil and krill oil are high in the nonessential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

Flaxseed oil is high in the essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA).

You can consume omega-3 oils as part of fish, cod liver, as dietary supplements or additives to foods, such as non-alcoholic beverages, breakfast cereals, cheeses, frozen dairy desserts and medicinal food.

According to limited data, there is insufficient evidence of any significant health benefit of taking omega-3 oil supplements. Oils containing EPA and DHA may lower triglyceride levels, but it is not clear if they reduce the risk of heart disease or any other disease. Cod liver oil is a rich source of vitamins A and D, but if you eat a variety of foods you are not really at risk of vitamin A deficiency and you can bet all of vitamin D you need by exposure your skin (face and hands) to sun for about 30 minutes a week (spring to autumn, sunny weather, within 45 ° latitude) ^[26]. If you regularly eat fatty fish, which contain omega-r fish oil, you may not get much of additional benefit by taking omega-r oil supplements.

Chart 1. legend: EPA = Eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA = docosahexaenoic acid; ALA = alpha-linolenic acid. Sources: USDA.gov ^[2,3,18,25], Examine.com ^[15]

Fish Oil

Fish oil can be consumed as:

• Part of fatty (oily) fish, such as anchovies, bluefish, halibut, herring, mackerel, menhaden, mussels, oysters, sable fish, salmon, sardines, seal blubber, shad, shark, tilefish (golden bass or golden snapper), trout, tuna, whale blubber and whitefish ^[1,2,3,4]
• Supplements (yellow capsules or liquids) that typically contain 1,000 mg or 1 g of oil extracted from fatty fish

Composition ^[25]:

• Monounsaturated fatty acids (30-55%)
• Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA (20-40%)
• Saturated fatty acids (15-30%)
• Vitamin A and D (small amounts)
• Cholesterol (~5 mg/g)

Benefits. Fish oil can help lower high triglyceride levels, especially when taken along with cholesterol-lowering drugs statins ^[8,9]. Fish oil may slightly lower the blood pressure ^[27].

Dangers:

• Taking more than 3 grams of fish oil supplements increases the risk of bleeding.
• Regular consumption of high amounts of certain fatty fish, such as albacore (white) tuna, king mackerel, farmed salmon, shark, swordfish or tilefish, increases the risk of mercury toxicity ^[4,5]. Fish oils supplements do not likely contain dangerous amounts of mercury ^[6,7].
• Regular consumption of high amounts of bluefish, salmon, herring and sardines may increase the risk of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) toxicity ^[5].

Fish oil is Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ^[20].

Krill Oil

Krill oil is extracted from the ocean crustaceans and is available as supplements in the form of red capsules.

Composition ^[11,14]:

• Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA, mainly in the form of phosphatidylcholine (marine lecithin) (30%)
• Saturated fatty acids (30%)
• Monounsaturated fatty acids (20%)
• Astaxanthin, which belongs to carotenoids (small amounts)
• Cholesterol (small amounts)
• Vitamin A and E (small amounts)
• Fluoride (unknown amounts)

Benefits. Krill oil may be better absorbed than fish oil, but there is INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE that krill oil is effective in the prevention or treatment of high LDL or low HDL cholesterol or high triglyceride levels, osteoarthritis, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), rheumatoid arthritis, high blood pressure, stroke, cancer or depression or in promoting weight loss ^[11,13]. The producers claim krill oil has less side effects, such as burping, acid reflux and fishy odor ^[11]. The heat used during the production of krill oil may damage omega-3 fatty acids ^[12].

Dangers. Krill oil can slow down blood clotting and thus increase the risk of bleeding ^[13]. It can trigger allergic reaction in individuals allergic to fish, shrimps or other seafood ^[11]. It is not known if krill oil is safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding ^[13]. Krill oil is Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ^[19].

Cod Liver Oil

Cod liver oil can be consumed as part of fresh cod liver or as a dietary supplement.

Composition ^[18]:

• Monounsaturated fatty acids (40%)
• Saturated fatty acids (25%)
• Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA (25%)
• Vitamin A (1,000 UI/g) and D (100 IU/g) (amounts may vary greatly among brands)
• Cholesterol (~5 mg/g)

Benefits:

• Cod liver oil is LIKELY EFFECTIVE in lowering high triglyceride levels ^[16].
• Cod liver may slightly decrease high blood pressure and decrease protein loss in urine in diabetic kidney disease ^[16].
• Cod liver oil is POSSIBLY INEFFECTIVE in lowering cholesterol levels in familial hypercholesterolemia and in treatment of osteoarthritis

Dangers ^[16,17]:

• Increased risk of bleeding
• Vitamin A or D toxicity (hypervitaminosis A or D), when taken long term in large doses
• Side effects: nausea, diarrhea

Flaxseed Oil

Flaxseed oil  can be consumed as raw flaxseed or as a dietary supplement in the form of liquid. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is converted to small amounts of fatty acids EPA and DHA in the human body ^[23].

Composition ^[21,22]:

• Omega-3 polyunsaturated alpha-linolenic acid (70%)
• Monounsaturated fatty acids (20%)
• Saturated fatty acids (10%)

Benefits. There is INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE about preventative or treatment of flaxseed oil in any disease, including anxiety, atherosclerosis, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), cancer (breast, prostate), constipation, coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, dry eyes and skin, high blood pressure, HIV/AIDS ^[23].

Dangers. Flaxseed oil is Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ^[21]. It is LIKELY SAFE for most adults and POSSIBLY UNSAFE during pregnancy ^[24]. Doses above 30 g/day can cause diarrhea ^[24].

The post Omega-3 Oils | Fish Oil vs Cod Liver, Krill and Flaxseed Oil appeared first on Prime Health Channel.

This article is about fish body oil and not fish liver oil.

Fish oil can be found in fatty fish, such as anchovies, halibut, herring, mackerel, menhaden, mussels, oysters, salmon, sardines, seal blubber, trout and whale blubber ^{[1,25,26,27,28,29,34]}. Fish oil extracted from fatty fish is available as a dietary supplement in the form of capsules or liquids.

Fish oil contains high amounts of nonessential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

Synonyms and related terms: fish body oil, fish extract, halibut oil, mackerel oil, marine oil, menhaden oil, salmon oil, seal oil

Other oils that also contain omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA: cod liver oil, krill oil

Fish Oil Composition

3 oz (85 g) of fatty fish contains 0.8-1.8 g of EPA + DHA (herring, meckerel, salmon and sardines contain most) ^[30,31,34].

One fish oil softgel (1 g) usually contains 0.6-1 g of EPA + DHA and various (small) amounts of saturated fat, cholesterol, vitamins A and D, and 9 Calories ^[32,33].

Benefits

Fish oil is EFFECTIVE in ^[3]:

• Lowering high triglyceride levels, especially when taken along with cholesterol-lowering drugs statins ^[3,22]. It is not clear if lowering triglycerides by fish oil protects against coronary heart disease or not.

There is CONFLICTING EVIDENCE about the effectiveness of fish oil in:

• Decreasing the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in individuals who have low blood levels of EPA and DHA and those with high triglyceride levels but less likely in individuals without known risk factors for CHD (when consumed as fatty fish, but not as fish oil supplements) ^{[3,5,7,8,10,11,24,38,46,47]}
• Decreasing risk of heart attack in individuals who already had heart attack ^[3,24]

NOTE: Fish oil supplements may not provide any additional health benefit in individuals who regularly consume fatty fish ^[7].

There is INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE about the effectiveness of fish oil in the prevention or treatment of ^[3] abnormal heart rhythm, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), age-related macular degeneration, aggression, antisocial personally disorder, anxiety, bacterial infections, bipolar disorder, cancer ^[45,46], chemotherapy side effects, chest pain, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, bronchitis), clogged arteries, common cold, cystic fibrosis, dementia, depression ^[18], diabetes mellitus type 2, eczema, epilepsy, fatigue, fibromyalgia, gallstones, glaucoma, gout, hearing loss, high blood pressure (hypertension) ^[19,20,21], HIV/AIDS, ichthyosis, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease ^[13], ulcerative colitis ^[15]) or other inflammation, kidney conditions (IgA nephropathy, nephrotic syndrome, stones), leprosy, liver disease, malaria, migraine, morning stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis ^[4,5,6], multiple sclerosis, nerve pain, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, panic disorder, pancreatitis, Parkinson’s disease, peripheral artery disease, psoriasis, Raynaud’s disease, retinitis pigmentosa ^[17], schizophrenia, Sjögren’s syndrome (dry eyes and mouth), stomach disorders, stroke, systemic lupus erythematosus, transplant rejection or vasculitis, or in improving appetite, athletic performance, cognition or immune functions, longevity, memory, sun protection, surgical recovery, vision, weight loss, wound healing or as an antioxidant or blood thinner (anticoagulant).

Fish Oil for Men

There is INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE about the effectiveness of fish oil in prevention or treatment of infertility ^[3] or prostate cancer ^[23]. There is some concern that fish oil supplements may actually increase the risk of prostate cancer ^[39].

Fish Oil for Women

There is INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE about the effectiveness of fish oil in prevention or treatment of breast pain, decreased risk of allergies in children (when taken by women during pregnancy) ^[16], premenstrual syndrome (PMS) ^[3] or in improvement of pregnancy and labor or fertility ^[3].

Fish Oil for Children

There is probably no good reason for healthy children to take fish oil supplements. Infants should get supplements only under doctor’s supervision.

There is INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE about the effectiveness of fish oil in prevention or treatment of asthma ^[14] or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ^[3], autism ^[3], dyslexia ^[3], phenylketonuria ^[3] or sickle cell disease ^[3] or in infant developing ^[3].

Children should avoid fish high in mercury, such as shark, swordfish tuna and tilefish.

Dosing

Commonly used doses of fish oil for adults for different purposes are 0.6-20 grams per day for few months to few years ^[40]. Discuss with your doctor before taking any fish oil supplements.

Examples of doses by mouth ^[40]:

• To lower high blood triglycerides: 2-15 g/day for up to 3 years
• To lower high blood pressure: 2-4 g/day up to 1 year
• To treat coronary heart disease: 10 g/day for 12 weeks
• To prevent coronary artery narrowing after angioplasty: 15 x 1 g capsule/day for 3 weeks

Examples of doses for intravenous infusion:

• To treat rheumatoid arthritis: 0.2 g/kg ^[40]

Safety

Fish oil supplements are LIKELY SAFE when used in recommended doses for up to 2-3.5 years ^[9]. Up to 20 grams of fish oil supplements per day may be tolerated by most adults ^[9].

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Fish oil, when taken in recommended doses, is POSSIBLY SAFE during pregnancy and breastfeeding ^[9]. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends that pregnant and breastfeeding women limit sport-caught fish intake to 6 ounces per week and avoid other fish that can be high in mercury, such as king mackerel, shark, swordfish and tilefish and to limit other fish to 12 ounces per week ^[9].

Fish oil is pregnancy category C, which means that not enough studies have been done to establish if it is safe for the unborn babies or not ^[36].

Who should avoid fish oil supplements?

Do not take fish oil if you are allergic to fish.

Children, pregnant and breastfeeding women, anyone with diabetes, hypothyroidism, liver or pancreatic disorder, drinking excessive amounts of alcohol (more than 2 drinks per day) or taking contraceptive pills, blood thinners, beta-blockers, diuretics or other drugs should speak with a doctor before taking omega-3 supplements ^[36].

Side Effects

Fish oil supplements may cause one or more of the following side effects:

• Fishy body odor
• Indigestion
• Increased risk of bleeding, when taken in doses >3 grams/day
• Irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia)
• A mild raise of blood LDL cholesterol levels
• Raise of blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia)
• A slight drop of blood pressure
• Allergic reaction with skin itch, hives, facial swelling, cough, dizziness, difficulty breathing, headache and weakness
• References: ^[9,36,37]

Fish Oil Supplements Omega 3

Other possible side effects or risks of fish oils supplements ^[9,37]: acid reflux, anemia, anorexia, asthma, bad breath, bad taste in the mouth, bloating, blood in urine, blurred vision, bronchitis, burping, cataract, colon cancer, common cold, constipation, lowered immunity, depression, diarrhea, excess fat in the stool, excessive urination, excessive gas, excessive sweating, fever, impotence, mania, memory problems, muscle, joint, back, chest or neck pain, nausea, nosebleed, prostate cancer ^[39], sleep problems, tingling (paresthesia), vertigo, vitamin E deficiency, vomiting and weight gain.

Toxicity – How much fish oil is too much?

Fish oil is Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ^[35].

There is an increased risk of bleeding with doses greater than 3 grams per day ^[9].

There is a small risk of mercury poisoning by consumption of large amount of fatty fish such as shark, swordfish, king mackerel, tilefish (golden bass or golden snapper), farmed salmon and albacore tuna ^[2,9]. Fish oil supplements do not likely contain dangerous amounts of mercury ^[9,44]. Some fatty fish, such as herring, farmed salmon, sardines, trout and tuna can also contain high amounts of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).

There is little chance that fish body oil supplements taken regularly, long-term and in large amounts may cause vitamin A or D toxicity ^[9].

NOTE: Fish liver oils, such as cod liver oil (but not fish body oils) may contain more than 180,000 IU/g of vitamin A. The acute toxic dose of vitamin A is 25,000 IU/kg (10 fish-liver oil capsules taken by a 70 kg or 154 lbs individual), and the chronic toxic dose is 4,000 IU/kg (1.5 fish liver oil capsules by a 70 kg or 154 lbs individual ) every day for 6-15 months ^[43].

Fish Oil Interactions with Drugs

Fish oils supplements taken along with blood thinners, such as aspirin, clopidogrel, heparin or warfarin, or supplements, such as Ginkgo biloba, garlic and saw palmetto, may increase the risk of bleeding ^[9].

The post Fish Oil Supplements (Omega-3 Fatty Acids EPA and DHA) appeared first on Prime Health Channel.

Wild Yam (Dioscorea villosa) is a plant used widely as an herbal supplement to treat menstrual cramps, nausea, hot flashes and morning sickness. The root and bulb of the plant supposedly contain diosgenin which is a chemical compound that mimics human hormones and is used for making various steroids, such as progesterone and ehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). But consuming diosgenin in its natural state may not be effective as the human body cannot transform the same into progesterone; the process can only be conducted in a laboratory. [1]

Traditionally, the plant has been used to treat rheumatic conditions, gall bladder complaints, inflammation, colic, testosterone related imbalances in men and a wide range of other disorders. Some herbalists also suggest its use as a natural contraceptive (for birth control) though there is no scientific evidence to substantiate the same.

Wild yam grows in the form of a tuberous vine and has more than 600 species of which only 12 known varieties are consumable. Some of the more commonly found species that might contain diosgenin are Chinese yam, Mexican wild yam, American yam, Atlantic yam, China root, Mexican Yam, Wild Mexican Yam.

Available forms of wild yam extracts

Tinctures and oil

Standardized extracts of tinctures and oil are considered to provide a more reliable dosage. However, certain liquid preparations of the product might contain sugar/alcohol; people suffering from diabetes, alcohol dependence and liver disease are advised to exercise necessary caution in its consumption. [2]

Pills and capsules

It is generally advised that solid formulations like pills and capsules be taken with a glass of water.

Wild yam cream

Wild yam supplements are also available in the form of cream, ointment, lotions and gel.

Estrogen and progesterone creams are known to be readily absorbed by the skin. If wild yam supplements contain similar compounds then they too might be more beneficial in the form of a cream. [3]

Several wild yam progesterone creams are falsely promoted of being “natural” and often suspected to contain synthetic versions of the hormone. Such over- the- counter creams can cause side effects like chemical toxicity and hormonal imbalances. [4]

Wild yam root

Certain powdered forms of the herb, like dried roots, can also be made into tea.

Other: The Chinese yam can be baked with flour or used fresh (as a juice).

Note: Some wild yam products (Wild yam Complex) contain a combination of herbs to enhance its effectiveness. Popular combinations often involve other supplementary herbs like Black Cohosh, St. John Wort and Chaste tree. It is essential to check the product ingredients carefully before consumption.

Dosage

Due to lack scientific information the right dosage for Wild yam supplements cannot be ascertained. An appropriate dose would depend upon several factors like health, age and severity of condition. Consult your physician or pharmacist to determine a suitable dosage. Also different formulations of the herb should not be used simultaneously to avoid the risk of an overdose.

Overdose

Symptoms of an overdose are not well known but might include:

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea

In case of a suspected overdose contact your doctor immediately.

Wild yam benefits

Possibly ineffective for:

Menopause related night sweats and hot flashes. Among popular treatments, wild yam extracts are applied topically in the form of a cream by women afflicted with menopausal symptoms. A 3 month study [5] has revealed that the treatment is free from side effects. But it had very little effect to alleviate the symptoms among the test subjects.

Insufficient evidence for:

• Osteoporosis
• Gallbladder problems
• Cholesterol management [6]
• Use as a natural alternative to estrogens [7]
• PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome)
• Postmenopausal vaginal dryness
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Infertility
• Colic (Intestinal Spasms)
• Bronchitis
• Enhancing libido
• Energy boosting effects
• Breast growth [8]
• Reduction in wrinkles
• Acne

Wild yam supplements: side effects and safety concerns

For most adults, wild yam is considered to be POSSIBLY SAFE.

Pregnancy and Breast feeding: Pregnant women along with nursing mothers should try and avoid the use of wild yam.

Kidney problems: Wild yam can be potentially toxic. It should be avoided by people with a compromised kidney function. [9]

Due to lack of conclusive evidence it can be assumed that the herb might possess estrogenic properties which can have harmful effects on certain condition specific individuals.

Hormone sensitive condition: Women with a personal or family history of breast cancer [10], uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, endometriosis or uterine fibroids should consult their doctor before using any wild yam supplements.

Protein S deficiency: People suffering from Protein S deficiency are at a higher risk of clot formation. A case report [11] suggests that wild yam supplements may adversely affect such people and further increase their risk of clot formation.

Allergy: Allergic reaction to wild yam can also occur in some people. Symptoms of an allergic reaction include: [4]

• Swelling
• Hives
• Strained breathing
• Closing of the throat

This is not an exhaustive list of all possible side-effects. There can be other less severe symptoms that might go unreported. In any case consult a doctor and seek medical advice about any persisting side effect.

Drug interactions

People on any form of medication should consider using wild yam supplements only under the supervision of a licensed healthcare practitioner.

Birth control pills and Hormone replacement therapy: An animal study has revealed that diosgenin in wild yams might interact with estradiol; a naturally occurring component used in certain birth control pills and hormone replacement therapies. [12]

The post Wild Yam appeared first on Prime Health Channel.

As the name indicates, it refers to a lack of iodine in the body. Iodine is an important trace element that is a necessary constituent of the thyroid hormones Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine. The body cannot produce iodine. Naturally, it needs to be obtained from the diet. In places where there is very little or no iodine present in the diet, people may suffer from various disorders caused by iodine deficiency, such as goiter and cretinism. Insufficient amounts of iodine leads to the enlargement of thyroid gland, hypothyroidism, mental retardation as well as developmental delays in newborns and young children.

The disease is also referred to as Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD).

Iodine Deficiency Epidemiology

The disease has been noticed in more than 2 million people across the world. Certain parts of the world are more vulnerable to this disorder due to the natural deficiency and lack of iodine. These include places like South-East Asia, Africa and Western Pacific. Various parts of China and Russia are also highly affected. Patients of all ages have been found to be affected by this disorder. No racial predilection of this condition exists. After the age of 10 years, the rate of occurrence of goiter is somewhat higher in females than in males. Out of the 2.2 billion worldwide populations who are at a risk for developing the condition, 30 to 70% have goiter and around 1 to 10% have cretinism.

Iodine Deficiency Causes

Iodine is a chemical component that needs to be substituted in the diet as the body itself cannot naturally produce it. However, a dearth of iodine in the diet can lead to the development of iodine deficiency. A number of other factors can also lead to such a deficiency; these include congenital factors where the iodine deficiency of the mother is passed on to the newborn child. Consumption of alcohol, tobacco or hormonal products may also lead to deficiency of iodine.

Iodine Deficiency Risk Factors

A number of factors may increase the propensity of developing this disorder. These include the following:

Picture 1 – Iodine Deficiency

• Alcohol
• Pregnancy
• Perchlorates
• Thiocyanates
• Smoking tobacco
• Low dietary iodine
• Oral contraceptives
• Selenium deficiency
• Exposure to radiation
• Gender, with a higher rate of occurrence in women
• Age (for the different forms of iodine deficiency developing at different ages)
• Increased intake or increased levels of goitrogens in the plasma, such as calcium

Iodine Deficiency Symptoms

Deficiency of iodine leads to improper development of the thyroid gland, which eventually causes a number of symptoms, such as:

Goiter

Lower amounts of Thyroxine in the plasma give rise to higher quantities of the thyroid stimulating hormone or TSH. This causes stimulation of the thyroid gland that leads to the increase of many biochemical processes. This cellular growth along with proliferation can lead to hyperplasia or the characteristic swelling of thyroid gland; a condition commonly referred to as goiter. In cases of mild iodine deficiency, the levels of Triiodiothyronine or T₃ can get raised in presence of lower amounts of Levothyroxine, as more quantities of Levothyroxine is converted to Triiodothyronine as a sort of compensation. Some of the patients may also exhibit goiter without elevated levels of TSH.

Cretinism

Cretinism is said to be the most extreme form of IDD. It is commonly associated with lack of iodine and goiter, and is characterized by:

• Deaf-mutism
• Stunted growth
• Squint
• Mental deficiency
• Disorders of gait and stance
• Hypothyroidism

The relation between the goitre parents and the mentally retarded children was first pointed out by Paracelsus.

Cretinism can be further divided into the neurologic and the myxedematous subtypes. Both these types clinically overlap each other to some degree. Myxedematous cretinism is believed to be caused by hypothyroidism and iodine deficiency in the fetus around the time of late pregnancy or during the neonatal period. It leads to goiter, short stature, mental retardation and hypothyroidism. Cretinism can also be held responsible to cause a significant drop in the IQ levels of the patients throughout the world.

Hypothyroidism

In places where only very little amounts of iodine is present in the diet, such as in typically remote inland localities and semiarid equatorial climates where marine foods are not consumed, iodine deficiency can give rise to hypothyroidism, the signs of which include goiter, extreme fatigue, mental slowing, weight gain, depression, and also lower basal body temperatures. Individuals suffering from severe iodine deficiency may also complain of dry skin, cold intolerance, constipation as well as diseases of oral and the salivary glands.

Mental Retardation

Iodine deficiency is the principal cause of avoidable mental retardation worldwide. Although the children born of mothers from the iodine-deficient areas may come up with normal results of thyroid function tests, they may still exhibit lower memory and language performance. Mental retardation caused by iodine deficiency can get exaggerated due to concomitant deficiencies of Vitamin A or selenium. Children who are especially sensitive to postnatal fluctuations of iodine intake are at a greater risk of having poor mental as well as psychomotor development.

Other signs and symptoms of this disorder include:

• Autism
• Anxiety
• Paleness
• Joint pains
• Strabismus
• Bradycardia
• Constipation
• Osteoporosis
• Muscle cramps
• Water retention
• Muscle hypotonia
• Lowered immunity
• Slowed metabolism
• Fetal hypothyroidism
• Difficulty in breathing
• Emotional disturbance
• Slowed brain functions
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Deepening of voice
• Difficulty while swallowing
• Abnormal menstrual cycles
• Improper thyroid functions
• Compromised organ functions
• Soreness, cysts and heaviness in the breasts

Iodine Deficiency Symptoms in Women

There are a number of symptoms that are typically seen in women suffering from a lack of iodine. These include:

• Acne
• Hives
• Coma
• Ataxia
• Apnea
• Lupus
• Vitiligo
• Vertigo
• Pruritis
• Edema
• Autism
• Anemia
• Nausea
• Myalgia
• Asthma
• Rhinitis
• Arthritis
• Retinitis
• Eczema
• Fibrosis
• Tinnitus
• Diarrhea
• Epilepsy
• Urticaria
• Hepatitis
• Allergies
• Seizures
• Alopecia
• Infertility
• Asthenia
• Migraine
• Polyurea
• Irritability
• Stillbirths
• Cachexia
• Cataracts
• Dizziness
• Hair loss
• Dementia
• Gingivitis
• Arthralgia
• Headache
• Back Pain
• Dry Mouth
• Glaucoma
• Chest pain
• Dyspepsia
• Polydipsia
• Dystrophy
• Myotrophy
• Depression
• Blind Spots
• Weak Pulse
• Thrombosis
• Hoarseness
• Hemorrhage
• Eosinophilia
• Constipation
• Otosclerosis
• Cold shivers
• Birth defects
• Lung cancer
• Scleroderma
• Pyelocystitis
• Convulsions
• Mouth Sores
• Fibromyalgia
• Osteoporosis
• Hearing Loss
• Osteoarthritis
• Hypertension
• Restlessness
• Cholelithiasis
• Optic Neuritis
• Sluggishness
• Miscarriages
• Fibrosarcoma
• Breast Cancer
• Gastric Ulcers
• Kidney Failure
• Telangiectasia
• Schizophrenia
• Osteosarcoma
• Mood changes
• Osteosarcoma
• Uterine Cancer
• Lack of Energy
• Thyroid Cancer
• Muscle Cramps
• Heart Disorders
• Atherosclerosis
• Dental crowding
• Polyneuropathy
• Sleep Disorders
• Mottling of teeth
• Sinus Infections
• Loss of appetite
• Down syndrome
• Muscle Stiffness
• Uterine Bleeding
• Ulcerative Colitis
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Vaginal Bleeding
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Heart palpitations
• Pre-term delivery
• Sensitivity to light
• Slipped epiphysis
• Pulmonary edema
• Aorta Calcification
• Diabetes Insipidus
• Premature Delivery
• Inner Ear Disorders
• Smaller dental arch
• Abnormal Sweating
• Anaphylactic Shock
• Shortness of breath
• Visual Disturbances
• Parkinson’s disease
• Alzheimer’s disease
• Excessive sleepiness
• Giant Cell Formation
• Lack of coordination
• Collagen Breakdown
• Behavioral Problems
• Dental Abnormalities
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Swallowing difficulties
• Delayed teeth eruption
• Problems with memory
• Ankylosing spondylitis
• Loss of consciousness
• Demyelinizing diseases
• Muscoskeletal diseases
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Monisiliasis (Candidasis)
• Respiratory Complications
• Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
• Ear, eye and nose disorders
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• Gastro-intestinal disturbances
• Alterations of the vas deferens
• Changes in the blood pressure
• Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• ADHD and/or learning disorders
• Decrease in Testosterone levels
• Early or delayed onset of puberty
• Problems with hearing and speech
• Swelling of the face or angioedema
• Brittled, lined or grooved fingernails
• Crying without any apparent reason
• Disturbances in the body temperature
• Dental enamel becoming more porous
• Difficulty in focusing and concentration

Iodine Deficiency Diagnosis

While diagnosing IDD, a doctor is likely to first conduct a thorough physical checkup and ask the patient questions about his or her general health. He or she will then recommend certain tests to evaluate the status of iodine deficiency in the patient. Although there are no tests to conclusively prove that an individual is having a deficiency of this element, the following tests are usually conducted to check iodine levels:

• Histological tests
• Dietary questionnaires
• Urinary iodine concentration tests
• Assessment of the thyroid volume
• Ultrasonograms to evaluate thyroid sizes
• Dried whole-blood spot thyroglobulin (Tg) level tests

The results obtained from the thyroid function studies generally indicate signs of mild iodine insufficiencies. In patients having iodine deficiency and euthyroidism, the serum TSH levels can range from being normal to being increased. The T3 levels can be either normal or somewhat elevated and the T4 levels might be normal or reduced. Hypothyroidism develops only in very elevated serum TSH levels and in reduced T₄ and T₃ levels.

Measurement of dried whole-blood spot level of Tg can help in understanding thyroid functions in children. It can also act as a sensitive early measurement of iodine repletion compared to serum thyroxine (T₄) or TSH.

A 24-hour urine iodine collection can be an effective test in evaluating iodine levels, as almost 90% of the ingested iodine gets excreted in urine. If conducting this test is not feasible, a random urine iodine-to-creatinine ratio test can alternatively be carried out.

Iodine Deficiency Differential Diagnosis

A number of conditions are manifested by signs and symptoms similar to that of IDD. Hence while trying to determine the diagnosis of this disorder; it should be differentiated from such similar conditions in order to facilitate better clinical management. The differential diagnoses of IDD include health ailments such as:

Picture 2 – Iodine Deficiency Image

• Infertility
• Thyroiditis
• Depression
• Constipation
• Hypothermia
• Dysmenorrhea
• Thyroid nodule
• Hypothyroidism
• Pericardial effusion
• Erectile Dysfunction
• Hurthle cell carcinoma
• De Quervain Thyroiditis
• Euthyroid sick syndrome
• Papillary thyroid carcinoma
• Follicular thyroid carcinoma
• Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma
• Rare forms of tumors of mediastinum
• Thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency
• Endocrine and/or mesenchymal lymphomas
• Nontoxic, toxic nodular or lithium-induced goiter

Iodine Deficiency Treatment

IDD is generally treated by supplementing iodine with food substances. Mild cases can be treated with increasing the quantities of iodized salt in daily food consumption of patients. It can also be done by adding egg yolks, saltwater fishes or more milk in the regular diet. Iodized salt can offer amounts of iodine appropriately needed by the patients. For an animal product and/or salt restricted diet, the patients can be advised to have sea vegetables like hijiki, kelp, dulse, and nori as they are excellent sources of iodine. In a non-pregnant adult, 150 µg/d is generally sufficient for sustaining normal thyroid functions. However, women might need additional amounts of iodine. For this, the recommended dosage of daily iodine intake is around 150 to 300 µg/d. If a patient is exhibiting compressive symptoms due to a large goiter, a thyroidectomy procedure may be required to be carried out.

Iodine Deficiency Complications 1

Treatment for this disease may ultimately lead to hyperthyroidism, especially in patients who are above 45 years of age. This occurs due to the hyperfunctioning of long-standing iodine-deficient goiters in these patients.

Iodine Deficiency Prevention

The condition can be effectively prevented on population levels by iodization of the food products or water supply. This can be practically done by the iodization of salt, i.e., by adding chemical compounds like sodium iodate, sodium iodide, potassium iodide and/or potassium iodate. Alternatively, one can increase the amounts of iodine in their daily diet by consuming iodine-rich foods such as:

• Cow’s milk
• Cheese
• Eggs
• Ice cream
• Frozen yogurt
• Iodized table salt
• Iodine-containing multivitamins
• Saltwater fishes
• Shellfish
• Seaweeds
• Soy sauce
• Soy milk
• Yogurt

Iodine Deficiency Prognosis

Iodine supplementation can reduce the size of goiters caused by deficiency of iodine in pregnant women and very young children. However, the long-standing goiters occurring due to iodine deficiency generally responds with a small shrinkage after the iodine supplementation, and the patients are at a considerable risk of developing hyperthyroidism.

References:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine_deficiency

http://www.thyroid.org/iodine-deficiency/

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122714-overview

http://www.uptodate.com/contents/iodine-deficiency-disorders

http://www.3fatchicks.com/4-symptoms-of-an-iodine-deficiency/

The post Iodine Deficiency appeared first on Prime Health Channel.

Pellagra Definition

It is a disorder arising due to lack of adequate amounts of niacin, a B complex vitamin, or an amino acid named Tryptophan in the body of an individual.

The condition is also known by other names like Niacin Deficiency or Vitamin B3 deficiency.

Pellagra ICD9 Code

The ICD9 Code for this condition is 265.2.

Pellagra History

The condition was first described by a Spanish court physician named Don Gasper Casal in 1735 when he reported about its prevalence in poor peasants of the Spanish Asturias province.

Pellagra Etymology

The name of the disorder owes its origin to a similar Italian term that stands for “rough skin.”It is obviously a reference to the thickened skin observed in sufferers of the disorder. In the United States, the disease was first reported in the year 1902.

Pellagra Incidence

The exact incidence of the condition is not known. However, a sizeable population of the world is believed to be affected by the disorder. The condition does not show any racial or sexual predilection. During a Pellagra epidemic in the U.S, a higher prevalence of the condition was noted in children, women and elderly people of both sexes.

Pellagra Causes

The condition may arise due to:

• Reduced consumption of niacin
• Lower intake of tryptophan
• Excessive alcohol intake for many years
• Excessive consumption of Leucine
• Gastrointestinal disorders
• Deficiency of Lysine, an amino acids
• Changes in protein metabolism, due to diseases like Carcinoid Syndrome

The disorder often arises when the body is unable to absorb nutrients like niacin or tryptophan from foods, as in patients of digestive disorders. Reduced amounts of these nutrients in diet can automatically make a person prone to Pellagra.

Pellagra Risk Factors

As already said, partial or complete absence of niacin or tryptophan in diet can make a person susceptible to this disorder. The condition has a higher incidence in those regions of the world where people consume high amounts of corn. Corn is deficient in niacin. Corn eaters can rectify this problem by using a process called nixtamalization. The technique involves treating corn with lime, thus making it rich in niacin.

In many communities, it is frequently observed in poor people who are malnourished. The condition is also quite common in:

• Anorexics
• Chronic alcoholics
• Individuals suffering from acute mental disorders, who may show a refusal to consume foods

This is believed to be an adult disease, meaning adults are at greater risk of developing this disorder than children or elderly individuals. However, young children and adolescents could develop the disease if subjected to a non-niacin diet. The condition rarely arises at the time of infancy.

Pellagra Symptoms

People affected by this disorder typically suffer from the following difficulties:

• Scaly sores on skin
• Swelling of mucous membranes
• Diarrhea
• Aggression
• Delusions
• Dilated cardiomyopathy
• Red lesions on the skin
• Insomnia
• Mental confusion
• Smooth red glossitis
• Ataxia
• Edema
• Alopecia
• Paralysis of the limbs
• Peripheral neuritis
• Extreme sensitivity to sunlight

The disorder typically manifests in the late stage of niacin or tryptophan deficiency. It is first manifested by a photosensitive rash on the skin (rash that becomes severe on exposure to light) accompanied by digestion problems. Patients may experience a burning sensation in the rashes and find blisters developing over the regions at a later stage. In the later stages, the affected skin regions tend to thicken and become brown and scaly in appearance.

In the later stages, patients begin to exhibit neurological problems. Suffering individuals have trouble in maintaining balance and ultimately develop Dementia.

Pellagra Diagnosis

The diagnosis of this disorder involves:

Consideration of medical history

The medical history of sufferers is taken into account. Sufferers are questioned about the symptoms that they have been experiencing, diet and supplements they are taking and whether or not they consume corn products.

Physical examination

Physicians look for photosensitive rashes in patients suspected of having Pellagra. Pellagra is chiefly characterized by the development of symmetrical red rashes (dermatitis) on the face, arms, feet and back of hands of it sufferers. The rashes look like sunburns and worsen on being exposed to sunlight, revealing photosensitivity in patients. Presence of such rashes is a further confirmation of the nutritional disorder.

Tests

A 24-hour urine collection is usually ordered by physicians diagnosing this syndrome. Patients have to collect all their urine for a 24-hour period and hand it over for laboratory analysis. The sample is assessed for by-products of niacin. The level of such by-products helps physicians determine the extent of niacin deficiency in sufferers. In some cases, blood samples may also be collected and analyzed.

Pellagra Differential Diagnosis

While conducting a differential diagnosis, doctors attempt to make sure that the symptoms are actually a result of Pellagra and not of similar disorder like:

• Pemphigus
• Porphyria
• Atopic dermatitis
• Drug eruptions
• Lupus erythematosus
• Contact dermatitis
• Neurological disorders
• Bacterial, viral, or parasitic gastrointestinal (GI) infections

Pellagra Treatment

Earlier, the dermatitis of kwashiorkor has been mistaken for Infantile Pellagra. The condition is usually treated by the use of nicotinic acid, along with changes in diet, to make sure that a sufferer gets the nutrition that meets bodily requirement in future. Niacin and tryptophan can be found in rich doses in foods like:

• Yeast
• Wheat
• Poultry
• Peanuts
• Organ meats

Those eating a balanced diet comprising of such foods can easily avoid nutritional deficiency disorder, such as Pellagra. Physicians should be consulted with to know about a proper diet which can counter the effects of this disease. Patients would also find it assistive to have a consultation with an expert nutritionist.

Diet supplementation is not only necessary for Pellagra sufferers but also for individuals having restricted access to fresh foods that contain rich amounts of vital minerals and vitamins. Patients should be administered with supplements of B-vitamins as many of them are found to be deficient in B1, B2 and B6 vitamins as well as Pantothenic acid.

In patients suffering from severe inflammation of the tongue and the mouth, difficulties in swallowing may arise. This can necessitate the introduction of a soft or liquid diet.

In some cases, especially advanced stages, treatment is usually conducted with nicotinamide, a chemical associated with Niacin.

What is Alcoholic Pellagra?

It is a disorder affecting chronic alcoholics or people who consume alcohol over a long period of time. While Pellagra usually results from a deficiency of niacin in diet, Alcoholic Pellagra occurs due to malabsorption of minerals and vitamins essential for the functioning of the body. In the absence of correct treatment, the disorder may lead to the death of sufferers.

The treatment for this disease has a two-fold approach: curing the symptoms of the disorder and curing alcohol addiction. The symptoms can be alleviated by effective restoration of niacin to the body and use of medications to cure the problem of malabsorption. Niacin restoration helps reverse the symptoms caused by the disease. However, curing alcohol addiction is the long-term cure for this disorder.

Pellagra Management

In acute cases, patients may require complete bed rest for a number of days in the initial stages. They should avoid exposure to sun in order to prevent worsening of the rashes arising due to Pellagra. Sufferers should strictly follow a diet comprising of foods rich in niacin and Tryptophan to avoid further worsening of their symptoms and ensure gradual recovery from the condition.

Pellagra Complications

If the condition is left without treatment for a long time, sufferers are most likely to die as a result of deficiency of niacin or tryptophan. Untreated Pellagra leads to failure of multiple organs and thus, results in death.

Neuropsychiatric complications associated with the disorder may involve depression, anxiety, hallucinations, delusions and even coma. There can be a gradual deterioration in mental and physical capabilities. In worse cases, even death may occur.

Pellagra Prognosis

Untreated cases of this disorder can lead to the death of patients within 4 to 5 years. Treatment with nicotinamide yields excellent results. A balanced diet, along with nicotinamide treatment and niacin restoration proves to be effective in resolving the symptoms in the majority of cases. In cases where the disorder is caused by some underlying disease, the outcome depends on the treatment of that condition. For instance, problems like chronic alcoholism have to be corrected on an immediate basis to completely cure this nutritional disorder. Once they have been cured, affected individuals do not have to follow any restrictions in work or activities.

Pellagra Prevention

Individuals with a high corn-consumption should incorporate foods rich in Niacin and Tryptophan into their diet to prevent the development of the disorder. Aggravation of this condition can be prevented by avoiding exposure to sunlight during the active phase of the disorder. On recovery, patients must stick to a proper diet (rich in Niacin) to avoid a recurrence of the condition. Otherwise, the problems (such as delusions, rashes or neuropsychiatric symptom) could come back again.

Alcoholics should bring down their level of alcohol consumption to a minimum or even try to give up the habit to negate the risk of relapse into the disorder. If that is not possible, alcohol addicts should get in touch and seek assistance from support organizations that help kick the addiction.

Pellagra Pictures

Take a peek at these photos to know how the condition affects the skin appearance of individuals.

Picture 1 – Pellagra

Picture 2 – Pellagra Image

If you, or any of your family members, suspect yourself to be exhibiting the symptoms of this nutritional disorder, seek medical attention as early as you can. Delay in treatment can not only make the condition debilitating for you, but also make you susceptible to various ailments and complications that can be extremely dangerous for health. Naturally, it is sensible to seek medical cure on an early basis and ensure chances of a faster recovery.

References:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001382/

http://www.mdguidelines.com/pellagra

http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/727372_3

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/449241/pellagra

The post Pellagra appeared first on Prime Health Channel.

What is Marasmus?

It is a form of malnutrition that arises most commonly in infants in the developing countries who are less than one year of age. It is an extreme type of emaciation and wasting resulting due to lack of protein and energy in the body.

Picture 1 – Marasmus

The word “marasmus” is also used to make an approximate reference to “Anaclitic Depression.” It is a term coined by René Spitz to denote all those children who suffer from the loss of their mother in the very early stages of their life without getting a proper substitute.

Marasmus Incidence

The disease is most common in kids living in developing regions like South Asia, Latin America and Africa where poor and unhygienic conditions contribute to the cause. Marasmus, along with Kwashiorkor and Cachexia, belong to a group of disorders that are collectively known as PEM (Protein-energy malnutrition). As per a study conducted by the WHO (World Health Organization), 49% of the deaths of 10.4 million children under five in developing nations occur due to PEM (protein energy malnutrition).

Marasmus Symptoms

The condition is mainly characterized by reduced weight gain. The rate of weight gain is lower than that of increase in height which creates a mismatch. Consequently, the head of affected children appear quite large than the rest of their body.

One of the most distinct features of this disorder is a progressive wasting of muscle and subcutaneous fat of the body. Due to this, there is a rapid decrease in the amount of body fat which makes the skin appear quite loose and the bones more prominent. Patients generally suffer from lethargy as their bodies attempt to conserve energy. Extreme hunger and irritability are two of the most common signs of wasting. Acute wasting for a prolonged duration may lead to permanent retardation.

Some of the other obvious effects of this condition include:

• Chronic diarrhea
• Delayed healing of wounds
• Distended or flat abdomen
• Hypotonia
• Abnormal limbs
• Subnormal body temperature
• Impaired immunity
• Increased appetite
• Vomiting
• Listlessness
• Muscle atrophy
• No hepatic enlargement or edema
• Progressive weight loss, resulting in emaciation in severe cases
• Sunken eyes
• Shrill and weak cry

Marasmus Causes

The condition primarily results from a lack of essential nutrients, particularly protein, in the human body. Protein consists of polymers of amino acids which are important for the growth of animals as well as for the repair of tissues. The disease also arises due to an inability to digest nutrients properly. Both causes can result in malnutrition, a problem where the body does not receive enough protein and calories essential for its functioning and growth. Malnutrition, which is one of the most serious types of PEM in the world, can range from an inadequacy of some vitamins to complete starvation.

Maramus is commonly caused when an infant undergoes a transition from breast milk to other foods. As is known, breast milk is a wholesome food for babies and supplies them with all the essential nutrients needed for their survival and growth. Women often stop breastfeeding due to various reasons, which range from social pressure to an inability to develop milk. If breast milk is not followed up with a similar wholesome diet, Maramus can arise as a consequence.

The condition may also be caused due to acute and chronic infections, particularly in case of children who are already susceptible as a result of borderline malnutrition.

Some of the other major causes of this disease are:

• Early loss of mother, resulting in lactation failure without any alternative means for breastfeeding
• Long-term starvation as a part of medical treatment for diarrhea
• Lack of food
• Infective diarrhea, caused by the use of unsterilized feeding bottles

This condition, if allowed to persist, can turn very serious. It can get acute enough to resist treatment. It can become impossible to cure patients. This usually happens as the body of sufferers become incapable of absorbing nutrients as a result of physical damage caused by malnutrition.

Marasmus Diagnosis

A physical examination is typically enough to diagnose this condition. Further medical tests are not required unless doctors wish to detect particular complications or monitor treatment. In such cases, laboratory tests for the condition may involve:

Blood Glucose Analysis

If the level of blood glucose is <3 mmol/L, it may indicate the presence of Hypoglycemia.

Direct Detection Test or Microscopy

It involves examination of blood smears to check for presence of parasites. If tests are positive, doctors can confirm an infection.

Urine examination and culture

An infection can be indicated if there are over 10 leukocytes per high-power field.

Albumin test

If albumin level is found to be less than 35 g/L, it can indicate massive impairment of protein synthesis. This is not useful as a diagnostic test and is, rather, helpful for prognosis.

HIV test

It is not to be used as a routine examination. If carried out, it should be followed by counseling the parents of sufferers. The results should be kept confidential.

Marasmus Treatment

Treatment of this disease involves using a specific feeding and rehydration plan for the patient. The health of the sufferer should also be closely observed to avoid or manage complications arising due to malnutrition.

The various modes for treatment of Marasmus include:

Well-balanced diet

A well-balanced diet rich in nutrients and plenty of fresh fruits, grains, vegetables and protein can help lower the risk of malnutrition and any associated ailments, such as Marasmus.

Vitamin B5 restoration

Vitamin B5 deficiency, associated to the condition, can be compensated by vitamin supplements.

Herbs

Asian herbs like Ashwgandha, Bala, Guduchi, Shatavari and Vidnaga can be administered in 1 gram dose along with milk and water to improve the digestive capacity and overall health of patients. Western herbs, such as Marshmallow, Ginseng and Fo-ti are also useful. Taking in 1 teaspoon of chyavanprasha 3 times a day can also show improvement after a month.

Oil massage

Regular massage with Vata palliating oils duch as Dhanvantari, Narayan and Bala, can improve digestive power in patients and increase their appetite. It is considered to be the best treatment for improving the digestive capability.

Sun exposure

Exposure to early morning sun every day for 15 minutes can also help boost health.

Nasogastric feeding tubes, Oral rehydration solutions and Intravenous fluids are other forms of treatment that may be used for cure. In some regions and countries, pediatric nutrition rehabilitation centers have been set up to organize treatment of children suffering from malnourishment.

Marasmus Complications

In infants as well as young children, there are serious complications associated with malnutrition or Marasmus. Inadequate nutrition can result in retarded physical and mental development of patients. Some of the most serious complications of untreated Marasmus may include:

• Loss of strength
• Growth problems
• Deformity and destruction of joints
• Loss of vision, which can ultimately lead to blindness
• Organ dysfunction or failure
• Unconsciousness
• Coma

Some of the complications may result in permanent or long-term Sequelae and give rise to developmental issues. In case of early massive iron deficiency anemia and extensive impairment of growth, patients may suffer from permanently retarded mental and physical development. Evidently, the younger the patient is at the time of malnourishment, the more devastating the long-term effects are to be. In extreme cases, lack of treatment can even result in the death of a patient.

Marasmus Prognosis

If proper treatment and follow-up care is adopted, the prognosis can be good even in case of severe Marasmus. Generally, the outcome is seen to be better than in patients of Kwashiorkor which in another PEM disorder.

Once medical treatment begins, the weight of patients should be monitored after every fortnight. This can help determine whether the mode of treatment is proper and should be continued.

Marasmus Prevention

It is important to prevent Diarrhea to avoid this condition. The treatment options for Marasmus are greatly effective. However, they do not last long until healthy practices are implemented in a consistent manner.

Some of the general measures that can be used to prevent Marasmus include:

Following a well-balanced diet

A good, well-balanced diet comprising of the essential minerals and vitamins can help prevent most disorders related with malnutrition. A diet comprising of foods rich in protein, such as skimmed milk, fish and eggs, can supply kids with enough energy for activities and growth. Vegetables and fruits can restore the deficiencies caused by vitamins and minerals. It is essential to add solid foods slowly and over a period of time to avoid adverse complications arising due to poor digestive capability of sufferers.

Cooking foods at a high heat

It is essential to cook foods to a high temperature while preparing them. This will help destroy the bacteria present in them and help avoid cases of infections.

Store foods in a clean place

It is also important to store foods in a freezer so as to prevent the development of bacteria. Food items that are kept refrigerated should be heated again before consumption in future. All utensils should be thoroughly cleaned before keeping foods in them. Cross-contamination between various foods should always be avoided.

In developing nations, it is also important to educate mothers about the benefits of breastfeeding and advice them to feed children with breast milk for as long as they can.

Marasmus vs Kwashiokar

Kids who suffer from marasmus are typically younger than those affected by Kwashiokar. Marasmic Children typically look skinnier whereas kids affected with Kwashiokar have swollen limbs. Unlike Kwashiokar patients, marasmic infants do not suffer from acute vision problems or liver ailments. It is also easier to treat a marasmic child than one suffering from Kwashiokar. However, hospitalization is required in severe cases of both the conditions. Antibiotic treatment may also be required if the disease is accompanied by infections. A Kwashiokar child is considered to be sicker than a marasmic child with a higher mortality rate due to the more complex deficiencies that they suffer from. Children with kwashiokar fail to efficiently digest fat in the body.

Senile Marasmus

It is a term used for the disorder famously known as Anorexia. In the Italian language, however, this term was used to describe senility as well as loss of all superior functions due to old-age. The condition can be managed and prevented from worsening with the aid of brain exercises that stimulate the frontal lobe, which controls attention, memory, decision-making, sense of humor and other faculties. In a recently conducted research, such exercises were conducted on three thousand elderly patients. Within a few days after performance, the brain functions began to be active again. Proper low-fat nutrition and regular physical exercises can also help keep the brain young and functional. According to some experts, making love and solving crosswords can also be beneficial to manage this problem.

Marasmus Pictures

Take a look at these Marasmus images to know how infants suffering from this condition look like. The Marasmus photos collected here will help you get an exact idea about the physical symptoms produced by this disorder.

Picture 2 – Marasmus Image

Picture 3 – Marasmus Photo

If your child is showing retarded physical development or any other symptoms of this condition, immediately get in touch with a professional medical care provider. Timely diagnosis and proper medical treatment can help cure many disorders and fortunately, Marasmus is one of them.

References:

http://www.bettermedicine.com/article/marasmus

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/984496-overview

http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/m/marasmus/intro.htm

http://www.healblog.net/medical/marasmus-causes-signs-and-symptoms-treatment/

The post Marasmus appeared first on Prime Health Channel.

Polydipsia

Picture 1 – Polydipsia
Source – www.livestrong.com

Polydipsia is a term of Greek origin that has been derived from the term ‘poly’ meaning much or many, and ‘dipsia’ meaning thirst. The definition of polydipsia can be framed as a medical symptom of various underlying diseases that is characterized by chronic excessive thirst which is quenched by the intake of an excess amount of water or any other fluid. It is usually a result of the loss of essential body fluids or of blood through bleeding. Excessive intake of water can lead to an imbalance in the electrolyte and sodium content in the blood, thereby leading to saline imbalance in the blood.

Polydipsia can be of specialised forms, namely, psychogenic polydipsia and primary polydipsia, which is actually non-psychogenic in nature. Psychogenic or psychological polydipsia is associated with mental disorders. It is also known as polydipsia schizophrenia. In case of primary polydipsia, drying of the mouth is the most primary symptom. When associated with diabetes, it is known as polydipsia diabetes. In fact polydipsia in diabetes is quite common and truly speaking in most cases, polydipsia and diabetes go hand in hand.

High intake of fluid in case of polydipsia may lead to polyuria, which is a condition characterized by an increased frequency in urination. Polyuria and polydipsia are quite related to each other and may occur simultaneously. Polydipsia may turn serious enough if not controlled to cause heart attacks or strokes. Polydipsia in children is a common phenomenon but its nature and extent differs from those of the adults. Along with humans, polydipsia in dogs and cats may also be noticed.

Polydipsia Causes

The causes of polydipsia are quite a few which may be listed as the following:-

• Diabetes – Both diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus are responsible may cause polydipsia. Such a case either occurs naturally or may be triggered by the side effects of diabetic medications. Within diabetes mellitus, transient neonatal and insulin dependent types and within diabetes insipidus, both nephrogenic and neurogenic types are responsible for causing polydipsia.
• Acid-Base imbalance – Abnormality in the normal acid and base level in the body, resulting in the deviation of the normal plasma Ph level may also lead one to feel increasingly thirsty. This causes dehydration and leads one to drink excessive volumes of water, thereby leading to polydipsia and its associate, polyuria.
• Anxiety – It is also another cause that may induce or reduce the blood pressure, causing one to feel increasingly thirsty.
• Acromegaly – The excessive secretion of the growth hormone by the pituitary glands causing severe body complications may also be responsible for causing polydipsia.
• Acute Peritonitis – Infection or even disruption of the serous membrane may cause its inflammation, giving rise to other problems such as abdominal pain and tenderness, sequestration of body fluids and electrolytes leading to polydipsia, renal failure, etc.
• Adrenal Gland complications – Problems associated with the adrenal glands such as adrenal adenoma or tumour, adrenal gland hyperfunction, hyperadrenalism, adrenal cortex neoplasms, adrenal incidentaloma and adrenal cancers like adrenal cortical cartinoma are also quite responsible to a great extent for causing polydipsia.
• Alsing Syndrome – A syndrome characterized by renal problems, optic complications and skeletal abnormalities may also trigger polyuria and polydipsia, due to the renal complications involved.
• Anorexia – Also known as anorexia nervosa, it is an eating disorder in which case one refuses to eat properly with an apprehension of gaining excess weight. Such a disorder is actually self-perpetuated method of starving. It is more common among the fairer sex rather than among guys and is another basic cause of polydipsia. It leads to psychiatric problems, and a massive loss of weight, which may perpetuate to ultimately lead to death. It is also known as habit polydipsia.
• Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess Syndrome – This is an autosomal recessive disorder that is also responsible for increasing blood pressure and lowering the potassium level, thereby causing polydipsia.
• Bartter Syndrome – It is a rare inherited syndrome affecting the kidneys which is characterized by low levels of potassium, constipation, along with low blood pressure, polydipsia and polyuria.
• Boichis Syndrome – It is also a rare syndrome that is inherited which involves complete renal failure and hepatic fibrosis as a result of congenital nephronophthsis. A symptom of this syndrome includes polydipsia.
• Conn’s Syndrome – Also known as Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma, this syndrome is related to the over production of aldosterone, thereby leading to various kinds of problems such as heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, hepatic cirrhosis, which also includes polydipsia as a symptom and consequence.
• Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome – Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome is a syndrome that makes a person vomit a number of times which may also include traces of blood or in fact blood, along with other symptoms such as abdominal pain, headaches, and migraines.
• Cushing Syndrome – It is a disorder that results due to the body’s exposure to high levels of cortisol that may either be produced normally or may be induced by steroids. This causes skin problems, sexual problems, and other problems within which fall polydipsia and polyuria.
• DEND Syndrome – It is an inherited disorder that causes delay in the process of physical and mental development of a person and is highly associated with diabetes and epilepsy. Polydipsia may also be attributed to the same.
• Diarrhoea – Diarrhoea may be highly associated with polydipsia or polyuria as it entails heavy loss of body fluids which may lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Its severity may even lead to the death of a person as the person loses essential body fluids and salts through uncontrolled bowel movements and frequency of urination.
• EAST Syndrome – It is a genetic disorder that is highly associated with ataxia, epilepsy, salt-wasting renal Tubulopathy, and sensorineural deafness. It is usually triggered by abnormal blood pressure, hypokalemia or low potassium levels, low magnesium levels in the blood, a condition known as hypomagnesaemia. This results in polydipsia or polyuria.
• Excessive Perspiration – Sweating beyond a certain limit beyond normalcy rips the body of the essential body salts and minerals, which not only aids polydipsia and polyuria but can also give rise to certain severe complications.
• Hypopituitarism – It refers to the decreased secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone or of luteinizing hormone or more hormones by the pituitary glands. It is signalled by the occurrence of Acromegaly, tumorous growth, headaches, optic nerves and also polydipsia or polyuria.
• Fanconi Syndrome – This syndrome is either caused due to genetically motivated factors or may either pop out of damage to the kidneys. It is one of the basic reasons behind the occurrence of polydipsia in children and the aged.
• Froelich’s Syndrome – Froelich’s Syndrome is a rare disease that is actually triggered by damage caused to the hypothalamus or the formation of tumour in the pituitary glands, thereby leading to endocrine abnormality. Among the very many symptoms of this syndrome, excessive thirst and urination do form a significant part.
• Gitelman Syndrome – A mild variant of Bartter’s Syndrome, Gitelman Syndrome is a renal defect that is ascribed by birth and is characterized by the automatic release of essential minerals and salts through the urine without being absorbed into the bloodstream. This causes one to feel quite very thirsty as one has to go to ease oneself frequently.
• Hypercalcaemia – This disorder is characterized by an elevated amount of calcium in the blood which is signalled by feebleness, constipation, vomiting, polydipsia and polyuria.
• Hypokalemia – Also known as hypopotassemia, it refers to a metabolic disorder characterized by poor levels of potassium in the bloodstream. Excessive thirst, constipation and frequent urination are some of the symptoms of this disorder.
• Polydipsia hyponatremia – It is a metabolic condition that is characterized electrolyte imbalance due to poor sodium content in the blood.

Beyond the ones mentioned above, the other causes of polydipsia may be listed as the following:-

• Aceruloplasminemia
• Anticholinergic poisoning
• Paroxymal Supraventricular Tachycardia
• Injury to the head
• Cystinosis
• Neurosarcoidosis
• Phenol sulfotransferase
• Langerhans Problems
• Nephronopthisis
• Overactive thyroid glands
• Parathyroid cancer
• Sheehan’s and Schroeder Syndrome
• Stress
• Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Wolfram and Wohlmann-Caglkar Syndrome
• Side-effects of certain drugs and medications such as methacycline, vasopressin resistant drugs, glucotrol, etc, may also lead to polydipsia.

Polydipsia Symptoms

Although polydipsia is itself a symptom of many a chronic or acute diseases, yet among the symptoms of polydipsia, excessive thirst and frequent urge for urination may be regarded as the most primary symptom of the same.

Normally the ability of the body to trigger thirst and hunger diminishes as one grows old. However, one may suffer from dehydration in most cases.

Nocturia can be one of the symptoms of the disease and polydipsia in children can be signalled by enuresis. Along with these, the symptoms of polydipsia may also include breathing troubles, headache, malaise, loss of weight, loss of appetite but increasing thirst, and nocturia may cause nocturnal polydipsia.

The intracranial pressure that results due to the loss of body fluids results in lowering the blood pressure and may also slow the pulse rate. In cases where polydipsia is associated with diabetes, anaemia or renal failure, one may suffer from optic problems such as papilloedema, cataract formation, vessel formation, visual field defect, and even retinal haemorrhages. Schedule induced polydipsia occurs when one suffers from anorexia. One may also exhibit signs of peripheral neuropathy and palpable kidneys in case of diabetes. Moreover, polyphagia, polyuria and polydipsia are linked together and may occur simultaneously. Serious cases of polydipsia may even precipitate to cause strokes and cardiac arrests.

However, in case of canine polydipsia, psychogenic polydipsia in dogs and cats, polyuria in dogs and cats, the symptoms do differ from the nature of the ones affecting humans.

Polydipsia Differential Diagnosis

Polydipsia is mostly accompanied by polyuria and at times with polyphagia. It actually entails changes in the osmolality of essential and extracellular body fluids, and is mostly associated with diabetes and other similar kind of chronic disorders. So for the purpose of detecting the cause of polydipsia, one has to conduct a differential diagnosis of the same so as to differentiate it from its related disorders.

Blood serum tests are useful in detecting the serum concentration of RBCs, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), sodium, calcium and potassium in the blood. It also aids to measure the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate in order to detect inflammation in the body. Anaemia can possibly be detected in case of renal failure and collagen vascular diseases.

One may also have to get a serum protein electrophoresis done in cases associated with myeloma in order to detect the protein content. In case when pituitary tumour is involved, one may have to go through a hormone profile test. An autoantibody screening helps screen for antibodies which may have caused renal infections and damage.

Diabetic patients and those suffering from renal failure may have to through a urinalysis, urine osmolality, and urine electrophoresis for the detection of abnormalities in the albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR). Patients under medications to deal with diabetes may also have to take in a Desmopressin test and water deprivation test.

Moreover, imaging tests such as a Renal biopsy, Ultrasound test, CT scan, an x-ray or an MRI of the renal tract, skull, and brain may be conducted to ascertain the exact cause behind polydipsia.

Polydipsia Treatment

The treatment of polydipsia depends on the nature of the disorder and its underlying cause which may be confirmed by a diagnosis. The treatment for polydipsia may include administration of insulin, sulfonylurea agents such as Glipzide and Glibenclamide, metformin in case of diabetic patients. Another anti-diabetic and antihyperglycemic medication which helps to deal with polydipsia and polyuria is Pioglitazone.

Desmopressin is a synthetically produced drug which acts as a substitute for vasopressin. It helps in reducing the production of urine, and thereby controls polydipsia and polyuria. It is the most prescribed drug for those suffering from diabetes and nocturnal polydipsia. Other medications prescribed include antibiotics and corticosteroids.

The treatment of psychogenic polydipsia is a bit different from the non-psychogenic one. The treatment entails systemic routinized weight-water protocol. It entails dietary controls, daily weight fluctuations, functioning or extent of damage caused to the urinary system, and comorbid disorders. This must be supplemented with physical restraint and monitoring of urination. The psychotropic drugs such as Carbamazepine ironically causes the drying of the mouth but the nature of this reaction is quite different from the one experienced in case of polydipsia. But it should be noted that primary polydipsia often leads to institutionalization of the disorder, in which case the patient needs to get hospitalized.

Hence, it is very essential for an early diagnosis and immediate treatment of polydipsia and the disorders related to it such as polyuria for the purpose of averting life-threatening disorders or diseases such as cardiac arrest, tumour, and severe neurological problems.

References

Wikipedia

www.wrongdiagnosis.com

www.eHow.com

www.patient.co.uk.com

www.nlm.nih.gov

The post Polydipsia – Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment appeared first on Prime Health Channel.

The Scarsdale Diet is a strict dietary practice that is premised on the ground of ensuring weight loss by restricting the intake of calories and substituting its loss with high protein ingredients. It is a grand innovation of an eminent cardiologist, Dr. Herman Tarnower from the United States who has brought forth this unique dietary practice that helps one to shed extra fat from the body in an easy and highly systematic manner. It is due to this revolutionary achievement that he is also known as Scarsdale Diet Doctor.

Since the release of his book “The Complete Scarsdale Medical Diet” in 1979, this dietary practice has gained immense popularity not only in the US but also in the entire world. The Scarsdale Diet plan has been carved out for only 14 days in such a form as to eliminate most of the carbohydrates and fats that may prove harmful for the body. Although the Scarsdale Diet Menu permits the intake of carbs such as whole grains, yet it in no way promotes the consumption of food items that may lead to high cholesterol levels. It is this scientific proven efficacy of the diet that makes it appealing to the masses. It is basically a Keep Trim Diet Program that helps to lose at least 7-15 pounds and helps one to keep slim and trim for a considerable period of time or may be even for a lifetime.

Scarsdale Diet Book

The book called the “The Complete Scarsdale Medical Diet”, authored by the famous cardiologist, Herman Tarnower and published in the year, 1978-79 spread its wings of popularity far and wide owing to the proved medical efficiency of this dietary practice. It was actually a book documenting the diet he usually recommended to his patients which turned out to be a revolutionary achievement in the field of medical science and made it the immediate bestseller of that year. However, the doctor credited for innovating this diet was unfortunately murdered on the 10^th of March, 1980 by his long-time lover, Jean Harris. This immediately became a sensation all around the world with the daily headlines captioned as “Scarsdale diet doctor murder” in all leading newspapers. It was a such a sensational event that it was also made a subject for the American Movie “Mrs. Harris”.

Scarsdale Diet Menu

Picture 1 – Carrots
Source – tehrantimes

The Scarsdale Diet allows for the intake of food rich in proteins but intended to curb extra fat and calories. The menu consists of fruits and vegetables that are fiber rich in nature such as carrots and celeries. This forms the core of a vegetarian Scarsdale diet. The sources of protein that are promoted by this diet are actually derived not only from fish sources but also from lean sources of mutton, chicken and beef. Beverages such as coffees, diet and club sodas and herbal tea are permitted but alcoholic drinks are strictly forbidden. But all the drinks permitted should be sweetened with artificial sweeteners for the reason that sugar is in no way allowed in the Scarsdale Dietary Menu Plan.

Even for vegetables, one must avoid starchy and high carb ones such as corns, potatoes, peas, lentils and beans. The salad prepared for the same is must not contain oil, mayonnaise or any other kind of rich dressings. Fat-free salad dressings with lemon, vinegar, mustard and vinaigrette are permitted in this case. Besides, cocktail sauce, herbs, non-stick vegetable spray, minced parsley, spices, seasonings, sugar free ketchup, and chili sauce are other additions that are permitted with moderation. The menu is actually strict during the 14 day plan but tends to become flexible in terms of meals.

Scarsdale Diet Recipes

There are variations within the Scarsdale diet recipes and meals, which is manifested by the nature of ingredients required and the process of its preparation.

For the Zesty Hamburger Scarsdale preparation meant for the non-vegetarians must take a pound of lean ground chuck. Add a tablespoon of Worcestershire sauce and a teaspoon each of garlic powder and pepper. Then pieces of finely chopped onions must be put brought into fore. These ingredients must be mixed together and be patted out into 4 pieces of burgers of equal size. The mixture must be broiled for 15-20 minutes until the chucks secrete juices.

The non-vegetarians also prefer another dish by the name of Seasoned Fish with Japanese vegetables. The ingredients for such a dish includes four pieces of tilapia, a lemon cut along the wedges, two cups of fresh beans, a pair of grated carrots, one-fourth of an onion, a sliced and cored green pepper, a cup of fresh sliced mushrooms, and a cup of snow pea pods. As for the process or method of preparing the dish, the first step is to place the fish fillets into a skillet sprayed with vegetable spray. Then one must sprinkle pepper, salt, oregano, ginger powder, thyme on top of the mixture. The ingredients must be steamed until done. Then the matter must be removed from the skillet and a lemon must be squeezed over the fillets. Vegetables must be added as the next step. Then the sauted vegetables need to be cooked in medium heat and after it is cooked, they must be served in 4 equal portions to the server.

The dressings can be prepared with the help of one fourth of a cup of red wine vinegar, a teaspoon of fresh garlic, a teaspoon of ground black pepper, and a finely crushed beef bouillon cube. All the Scarsdale diet dressing ingredients must be mixed together and be let for 10-15 minutes. Then the vegetables need to be tossed in a large bowl and it must be tossed once more after pouring the dressing over the vegetables. Thus, it is ready to be served to four with a cup of dressings each. Similarly, the most common method of making the salad is to add 4 cups of mixed lettuce greens and two tomatoes cut and chopped into wedges, sliced olives, a medium sized cucumber cut into short thin sticks, a quarter of a medium sized diced red onion.

The Scarsdale diet recipes and meals vary on the basis of an individual tastes & preference. All are meant to help us lose extra body fat and nothing beyond.

Scarsdale Diet Meal Plan

The Scarsdale Diet Plan is a low fat and protein rich diet that is actually systematized to lead to loss of weight by scheduling the kind of food that one is supposed to have each day. Coffee and tea are supposed to be a part and parcel of all meals for almost all the days.

Scarsdale Diet Day One

Breakfast

On the first day of the diet, one is supposed to seep in a cup of tea or coffee with the substitute of sugar, half a grapefruit and a slice of protein bread. The protein bread in all cases may be substituted with multi-grain high fiber bread or whole wheat bread. This must be the item for breakfast for all the 14 days of the diet.

Lunch

For lunch, one may take assorted cold cuts with broiled, stewed or sliced tomatoes. Coffee or tea is also supposed to go along with the lunch.

Dinner

A slice of protein bread along with shellfish or broiled fish with a grapefruit and salad is recommended for dinner. Grapefruits may be substituted by mango, pineapple or papaya. A slice of honeydew or casaba can also act as a substitute for the same.

Scarsdale Diet Day Two

Lunch

The lunch for the 2^nd day should be fruits and salad items along with tea and coffee.

Dinner

The items for dinner should constitute of a satisfactory amount of lean broiled hamburger accompanied with celery, cucumbers, tomatoes and Brussels sprouts.

Scarsdale Diet Day Three

Lunch

One is supposed to have a substantial amount of tuna salad along with a grapefruit and tea or coffee.

Dinner

For dinner one should be served with broiled lean pork along with unlimited amount of green salad. A cup of coffee or tea is to be accompanied with the heavy dinner.

Scarsdale Diet Day Four

Lunch

The items for lunch on the 4^th day of the diet should consist of not only a slice of protein bread but also a pair of eggs, cottage cheese, and tomatoes or string beans.

Dinner

A heavy dinner is allowed with pieces of chicken which is barbequed, broiled or roasted. Green beans and peppers, spinach must accompany the same.

Scarsdale Diet Day Five

Lunch

A slice of protein bread must be accompanied by assorted low fat slices of cheese, a significantly high amount of spinach and of couse with tea or coffee.

Dinner

Protein bread along with broiled or shellfish and salad must occupy the dinner table for the 5^th day.

Scarsdale Diet Day Six

Lunch

Only fruit salads along with refreshing beverages such as coffee or tea are allowed to be a part of lunch on the 6^th day of Scarsdale Diet menu.

Dinner

Roasted turkey or broiled chicken accompanied by salads made of tomatoes and lettuce are supposed to be the item for dinner. A grapefruit with tea or coffee must also be a part of the same.

Scarsdale Diet Day Seven

Lunch

The item for lunch on this day must be hot or even cold turkey or chicken along with veggies such as carrots, broccoli, cauliflower, tomatoes, a melon or a grapefruit.

Dinner

The dinner must consist of a substantial amount of grilled steak. Salads prepared with cucumbers, celery, lettuce and tomatoes must also form a part of the items served. Brussels sprouts along with tea or coffee is a must.

This Scarsdale diet meal plan and the menu must also be followed in the 2^nd week of this dietary practice. Even after following this dietary habit for 14 days one feels dissatisfied in terms of the loss of weight, one may switch over to Keep-Trim Eating practice for two weeks before again switching back to the Scarsdale medical Diet for the perfect slim. While one is on the Scarsdale Medical Diet (SMD), the intake of calories should be limited between 850 to 1000 calories and it should be maintained within 1000 to 1200 while one is on the Keep-Trim Diet Program for two weeks. This shall help in the efficient loss of weight and keep the body fit and fine.

Does the Scarsdale Diet Work?

There have been a significant number of Scarsdale diet success stories not only in the US but also in other countries of the world. The Scarsdale diet reviews have also pointed towards the success of this diet. However, there are critics who argue that the weight loss that the Scarsdale diet results indicate to have actually stemmed from the intake of food of a low calorific value. Moreover they claim that the diet leads to poor health and feebleness but the overall Scarsdale diet results have given a positive vibration towards the success of this dietary practice which has actually contributed to its popularity.

References :

Wikipedia

www.scarsdale-diet.com

www.momswhothink.com

www.ezinearticles.com

www.scarsdaledietmenu.com

www.weight-loss-advisor.com

The post Scarsdale Diet – Menu, Plan and Recipes appeared first on Prime Health Channel.

Picture 1 – Cabbage
Source – mycelebritydiet

The cabbage soup diet is a kind of diet that is actually intended for the radical loss of weight within a short period of time to for the benefit of one’s health. The cabbage soup diet weight loss is ensured by the cabbage soup diet plan which entails the heavy consumption of a low-calorie cabbage diet soup for a period of 7 days. The 7 day cabbage soup diet is in fact a high fever low fat diet that intends to the shedding of at least 10 pounds of extra body fat. This the reason it is also known as cabbage soup fad diet as it leads one to get in shape and size which ultimately may prove beneficial for one’s health. Also known as sacred heart cabbage soup diet, it has also come into the ambit of great criticism from nutritional experts who claim that the so called weight loss promoted by cabbage soup diet is actually water loss in nature.

Origin of Cabbage Soup Diet

If one wants to know the original cabbage soup diet, one may not be able to know the same as medical science lacks evidence to trace the origins of this diet. However, it was only in the 1980s that it gained popularity as a faxlore. The cabbage soup diet has been ascribed a number of other names such as “TJ Miracle Soup Diet”, “Sacred Heart Diet”, “Military Cabbage Soup”, “Russian Peasant Diet” and “General Motors Diet” linking them to a mainstream institution. For reasons unknown, sometimes it is also known as “Mayo Clinic Cabbage Soup Diet”. Although there is no specific scientific reason to attribute its name to Mayo Clinic.

Cabbage Soup Diet Recipe

Picture 2 – Cabbage Soup Diet
Source – weightlossdietwatch

Although it is very difficult to find any original cabbage soup diet recipe since the origin of the diet itself is unknown, yet the recipe for cabbage soup diet as recommended by doctors includes 6 large pieces of green onions, a pair of green peppers, a pair of cans filled with either diced or whole tomatoes, 3 carrots, a bunch of celery, a whole or half a head of cabbage, and a package of lipton dry onion soup mix. These are the ingredients for vegetarian cabbage soup diet recipe.  However, non-vegetarians may also include a container of mushrooms or one or two cubes of chicken or beef bouillon as an extra cabbage soup diet ingredient. And without the addition of salt and spices such as pepper, garlic powder, soy sauce, curry powder and parsley, it is impossible to prepare the best cabbage soup diet recipe. All these components add up to make a perfect cabbage soup diet menu.

In order to know how to make cabbage soup, one needs to follow the directions carefully. The first step is to peel the vegetables, slice them and cut them into pieces. Then one must put those veggies into a large pot which has been already sprayed with a cooking spray. But one must be aware not to put tomatoes and cabbage at the head start along with other vegetables. One should wait till the veggies get tender. Only after the tenderness should the cabbage be added with around 12 cups of water. Then one may toss in the soup mix and the seasoning for rendering color and taste to the matter. This shall make the perfect cabbage soup recipe for vegetarians. However, non vegetarians may add mushrooms, beef or chicken cubes according to their wish while the soup is prepared. The soup needs at least one and a half hours to be cooked. To make the soup more tasty, one may prepare a base soup and add herbs or seasonings for deriving different flavors out of the same. However, it is important to note that there is no one single way of preparing the soup and this has given to the cabbage soup diet variations. There may also be cabbage diet recipe variations depending on individual discretion. The new cabbage soup diet recipe adds in protein ingredients in order to fill up the vacuum created by its absence in the diet and also at the same time decreasing the level of sodium.

Cabbage Soup Diet Plan

The cabbage soup diet is actually planned to be a 7 day cabbage soup diet with few restrictions. A typical outline of the cabbage soup diet 7 day plan is laid as the following:-

• Day 1 – One should start with just not the cabbage soup but also with beverages such as fruit juices except for banana. One is also free to drink other beverages such as black coffee, cranberry juice and as much as water as one desires.
• Day 2 – The next day should be dominated by all kinds of vegetables in the diet. One is also permitted to have a large size baked potato with butter applied on it for dinner. But one is also restricted from having fruits and peas, dry beans and sweet corn on this day.
• Day 3 – One is allowed to relish the cabbage soup along with fruits and veggies except for baked potato.
• Day 4 – The 4^th day is meant to compensate for the restriction of having banana for the other days. One is permitted to have as many as 8 bananas and skimmed milk to the extent one desires to satisfy one’s self with.
• Day 5 – The 5^th day is a day for non-vegetarians to revel. This is for the reason that one is allowed to have up to 20 ounces of beef along with the cabbage soup. As many as 6 fresh tomatoes and at least 6-8 glasses of water may help the body to get rid of toxic substances. One can also make it a cabbage chicken soup diet by substituting the ounces of beef with broiled pieces of chicken. And one more reason for reveling on this day is the option for substituting either the beef or chicken with broiled fish.
• Day 6 – On this day one may have as much as beef and vegetables as one desires along with the necessary soup. However, the restriction for baked potatoes still continues.
• Day 7 – In addition to the cabbage soup, one may also go for brown rice, vegetables except for potatoes and unsweetened fruit juice. But one is strictly prohibited to go for bread, carbonated beverages, diet soda or alcohol in the name of the allowed beverages.

On the whole, the cabbage soup diet emphasizes on the intake of low calories in spite of giving one the freedom to eat as much as one desires with just a few restrictions.

Cabbage Soup Diet Pros and Cons (Side Effects)

The pros and cons of the diet plan based on the cabbage soup diet results and reviews are as follows:-

• Although it has the ability to make one lose weight within a very short span of time, yet it has been termed as a bland soup.
• In spite of permitting one to eat and drink the items mentioned in the cabbage soup dietary chart to the fulfillment of one’s heart and stomach, many have claimed that the restrictions imposed on the daily food habits as well as the light nature of the diet may contribute one to feel feeble or light-headed.
• The diet being meant for only 7 days has been criticized to lead to a nauseous feeling for many who could not bear the blandness of the soup.
• Although it allows for the consumption of fruits that ensures a vitamin rich diet, yet it has been criticized for not promoting protein rich cabbage soup ingredients.
• It has been hailed as a cabbage soup cleansing diet due to its qualities of cleansing the body of the toxins. But it just leads to a temporary loss of weight which may again be gained in a very short span of time.
• Flatulence is also another cabbage soup diet side effect that leads to the premature discontinuation of the diet plan.

For questions such as does the cabbage soup diet work, the answer lies in the fact that the following of the cabbage soup diet in a sincere and religious manner has contributed to the significant number of cabbage soup diet success stories. Besides, even after the cabbage soup diet, one may continue to take in multivitamin tablets to ensure the actual cabbage soup diet success.

References :

Wikipedia

www.cabbage-soup-diet.com

www.aboutcabbagesoupdiet.com

The post Cabbage Soup Diet Recipe, Plan, Side Effects and Results appeared first on Prime Health Channel.

What is Atkins Diet?

Officially known as the Atkins Nutritional Approach, it is based on the ground that the consumption of refined carbohydrates such as sugar, corn syrup rich in fructose and flour burns the glucose to produce energy instead of the fat stored in the body which is the task of the Atkins Diet. The process of breaking down of the lipid molecules in the liver to convert it into ketone bodies and fatty acids inorder to produce energy is known as Ketosis or Lipolysis. Instead of raising the blood sugar level which is the work of high caloric carbohydrates, Ketosis occurs when the blood glucose levels are actually low. This kind of nutritional approach also claims to ease metabolic activities and particularly is beneficial for diabetic patients.

Atkins Diet Plan (Program)

The Atkins Nutritional Approach is a steady and highly efficient technique of diet maintenance which is followed in 4 different phases, namely Induction, Ongoing weight loss, pre-maintenance and lifetime maintenance. In spite of being distinctive in nature each phase is a development over the other. A detailed study of all the four phases follows:-

Picture 1: Atkins Diet Food

Atkins Diet Phase 1 : Induction

Also known as the Atkins Diet Induction process, this phase basically follows a ketogenic diet in order to usher in the state of Ketosis. Such a diet restricts the intake of carbohydrates to more than 20 g net carb per day so as to prepare the body to switch gear to an alternative energy source in order to lose excess weight and remain healthy. The normal duration of this phase is 2weeks but it may also extend up to 3weeks or more depending on the ability on the endurance ability of the individual. It also helps to come over the symptoms of high blood sugar levels such as mood swings, fatigue and brain fog. In the 1st phase the dieters are supposed to abide by the Atkins Diet menu plan which harps on the consumption of protein and fat rich food.

Atkins Diet Phase 2 : On Going Weight Loss (OWL)

As the name suggests, the second phase also called the stage of Ongoing weight loss is an ongoing slow and steady process of reducing excess weight to only around one to two pounds per week. Although this phase permits the intake of carbohydrate derived from vegetables and fruits yet the measurement scale called the Critical Carbohydrate level for Losing helps dieters to keep the intake of carbohydrates within prescribed limits. There is no particular duration for this phase and it is continued by adding carbohydrates by an amount of only 5 grams a day until one gains the desired weight within five to ten pounds. This phase also helps in choosing the best among the available food options for the betterment of ones health. Once the desired weight is achieved in this phase we may proceed to the next.

Atkins Diet Phase 3 : Pre- Maintenance

The third stage of this nutritional approach called the Pre-Maintenance, extends for 8-12 weeks and ironically permits the intake of carbohydrates to a greater extent than what was permitted in the 2nd phase. Within this phase there is a measurement scale or point called the Atkins Carbohydrate Equilibrium which determines the amount of carbohydrates that one can take in without either gaining or losing weight. This phase allows us to choose the items from among those available on the Atkins Diet Carb Counter. It permits the introduction of carbohydrates slowly in the diet on the basis of the carbohydrate ladder which recommends the addition of 10-30 grams of carb per week. This phase is crucial in the sense of stabilizing the weight of the dieters as well as establishes a proper food regime which the dieters are supposed to abide by all through their life. It is also characterized by the diminishing of Ketosis.

Atkins Diet Phase 4 : Lifetime Maintenance

After the weight is stabilized and the perfect carbohydrate intake level is achieved, one reaches the last phase of this diet, the rules of which should be followed lifelong. Here it is necessary to continue to follow the dietary regime that is put forward by Dr. Atkins and a slight act of complacency may lead to the reversal to the old dietary habits which shall not only be harmful for the body but shall also put all the efforts in vain. It is in fact the cumulative benefits of all the above phases that is reaped in this phase.

Atkins Diet Food List

The Atkins diet menu is basically restrictive for the first phase and tends to become liberal from the second phase onwards. The Atkins Diet Sheet is given below for the systematic understanding of the dietary practice that Dr. Atkins has formulated.

• Among the food which are rich in protein and over which there is no quantitative restriction are :-

1. All kinds of unprocessed meat of pork, lamb, beef, venison, veal, mutton and ham and poultry of goose, turkey, pheasant, emu, ostrich, chicken, etc.
2. All kinds of unprocessed fish and fish products such as of salmon, sardines, trout, sole, herring, catfish, snapper.
3. Eggs of quail, chicken, goose, etc, are allowed in the form of omelet’s, poach, fry or soft-boiled.
4. Shellfish such as of lobster, calamari, crab, oysters, shrimps, mussels, etc are permitted.

• Fat rich products such as butter, linseed oil, seed oil, olive oil, vegetable oil, walnut oil, soya bean oil, sesame and grape seed oil and oil extracted from sunflower are allowed. Fishes such as salmon and sardines are the source of Omega 3 fatty acids and the above mentioned meat products also contribute to the consumption of fat.

Picture 2 : Atkins Diet Menu

• Diary products which are rich in fat and are deficient in carbohydrate such as goat, sheep and cow cheese, Roquefort cheese, cream cheese, Swiss cheese, mozzarella and cheddar are encouraged whereas those rich in carbohydrates such as imitation cheese, diet cheese, fresh cheese are strictly forbidden.

• Most Spices and Condiments contain sugar or maltodextrin in some form or the other. So the food list recommends spices such as garlic, pepper, dill, rosemary, oregano, sage. It also permits the dressing of salads with lemon juice, oil and vinegar. Soy sauce, mayonnaise, ketchup and cream is allowed except for yogurt.

• The vegetarian Atkins diet differentiates between two kinds of vegetables, namely salad vegetables and low carb vegetables. The salad vegetables which it allows are cucumber, lettuce, alfafa sprouts, olives, radacchio, escarole, radishes, fennel, celery, arugula, jicama, daikon, chicory, etc. The other type of vegetables include cabbage, onion, spinach, chard, turnips, tomato, zucchini, cauliflower, brussels, broccoli, eggplant, rhubarb, bamboo shoots, water chestnuts, summer squash, avocado, artichokes, asparagus, etc. However those rich in starch or carbohydrates such as potatoes, green peas, corn and white rice are forbidden.

• Beverages such as herbal tea, lemon juice, cream, bouillons, club soda are permitted. But coffee and tea should not contain caffeine or sugar in any form. And Dr. Atkins suggests drinking great volumes of water which is must in the diet plan. Moreover the consumption of alcohol is restricted to a certain extent as it insidiously contains sugar and carbohydrates.

• Artificial Sweeteners which act as substitutes of sugar such as sucralose, saccharine, acesulfam potassium, aspartame, etc fall within the prescribed limits. Natural sweeteners such as maltose, fructose, dextrose as well as the consumption of honey or corn syrup should be avoided.

• Although, most of the desserts contain sugar, yet, the desserts which Atkins diet favors are low carb ice creams, specially prepared cheesecakes with splenda and other ‘creative’ home made recipes which can satisfy one’s cravings.

In addition to this, the task of promoting Atkins diet products and foods has been taken up by the Atkins Diet Nutritionals which functions under the proper guidance of the master mind, Dr. Atkins.

Besides, the above mentioned Atkins diet menu offering the Atkins diet food to eat, one needs to drink at least 8 glasses of water per day in order to avoid constipation and the facilitation of metabolic activities as well as the proper excretion of waste products. Moreover, any dietary practice including Atkins Diet entails regular exercise and yogic practices in order to keep the dieter physically and mentally fit.

Atkins Diet Side Effects

Although there are no such side effects of the Atkins Diet yet it has been criticized on several grounds namely:-

• It is highly deficient in nutrients and fiber.
• In the veil of promoting a low carb diet it is actually a low calorie diet.
• Too many restrictions imposed by this diet do not serve the purpose of the admirers of lip smacking delicacies.
• The dietary regime is far too monotonous in nature
• It aggravates the problem of obesity and gastroenteritis by promoting the consumption of spicy food rich in fats.
• It is said to inhibit appetite and the intake of food.

All such criticisms are based on poor scientific grounds and are sidelined as misconceptions about the Atkins Diet.

Does the Atkins Diet Work?

The success stories (as we find on the internet) and the mass popularity of the Atkin’s dietary practice is itself an evidence of the strength of its scientific and medical pillars on which it is based and it also portrays the benefits that its followers have reaped over time.

The Atkins Diet is indeed a unique medical innovation that allows one to stay healthy in spite of consuming as much as one desires. The Atkins diet meals mostly devoid of carbohydrates reduces the extra bulk of the body and maintains the fitness of the body by substituting carb by other major nutrients such as proteins, vitamins and fatty acids. The Atkins Nutritional Approach can be truly called a ‘medical masterpiece’ which has brought in Dr. Atkins diet revolution in the world.

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